Evaluation of Hyperosmotic
Sodium Bicarbonate as Adjunct to Ciprofloxacin in the Amelioration of
Septicaemia in Salmonella-Induced Bubaline Neonatal Diarrhoea
Ayesha Humayun1,
Muhammad Arif Zafar1*, Arfan Yousaf1 and Murtaz-ul-Hasan2
1Department of Clinical Studies,
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture
University, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2Department of Parasitology and
Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah,
Arid Agriculture University, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
*For correspondence: dr.mazafar@uaar.edu.pk
Received 03 December 2020;
Accepted 18 January 2021; Published 16 April 2021
Abstract
This
study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of hyperosmotic sodium
bicarbonate (HSB 8.4%), hypertonic saline (HSS 7.5%) and normal saline (NSS 0.9%) solutions
associated with experimentally Salmonella-induced diarrhoea in buffalo
neonatal calves. For this purpose, 14–17 days old 18 healthy buffalo calves
were reared. After 8–12 h of oral administration of Salmonella broth
(6.5 × 108 CFU),
diarrhoea was induced successfully. Calves were then randomly divided into
three equal groups viz., groups A, B and C and treatment was instituted.
Group A received NSS (0.9%) @ 60 mL/kg (body weight) B.W, intravenous (IV)
once, group B was administered HSS (7.5%) @ 5 mL/kg
B.W, IV once and group C instituted with HSB (8.4%) @ 5 mL/kg B.W, IV once. All
three groups were additionally treated with ciprofloxacin @ 7 mg/kg B.W, IV bid and
flunixin meglumine @ 2 mg/kg B.W, IV tid.
Comparative efficacy of all treatment regimens was assessed through
haemodynamic measurements, blood gases determination and serum electrolyte
analysis. All parameters were noted at baseline (prior to diarrhoea induction),
during neonatal diarrhoea, t=3, t=9, t=18, t=36, t=72, t=120, t=168 h after
treatment. The HSB treated calves (group C) revived
from diarrhoea quickly (within 9 h) and efficiently than NSS (group A) and HSS
(group B), exhibited significantly (P
< 0.05) enhancement. At t=18 h, values for central venous partial pressure
and systemic vascular resistance were 11.67 ± 0.7, 13.67 ± 0.61 and 13.50 ± 0.56
and 1180. 83 ± 6.94, 1180.83 ± 6.94 and 1465.00 ± 6.76 in groups A, B and C,
respectively. HSB treated buffalo neonatal calves also showed significant
increase in bicarbonate, blood pH, serum electrolytes and partial pressure of
venous oxygen. Basis on the results of this study, it was concluded that
small-volume administration of HSB profoundly ameliorated deleterious effects
of septicaemia and improve haemodynamic stability in Salmonella-induced
bubaline neonatal diarrhoea. It provides a practical and economical method to
resuscitate dehydrated diarrhoeic calves thus make it convenient to accomplish
in on-farm situation. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Keywords: Diarrhoea;
Septicaemia; Hypovolemia; HSB; Salmonella; Buffalo calves
Introduction
Calves
are reared as a pre-requisite in cattle industry to meet ever-increasing demand
of milk and meat. But, survival of the calves is mainly threatened by different
diseases especially at neonatal age. Amongst these diseases, highest incidence
of diarrhoea has been reported during first four weeks of life in terms of morbidity
and mortality (Foster and Smith 2009; Izzo et al. 2011; Cho et al.
2012; Trefz et al. 2017). Bovine neonatal diarrhoea (BND) associated
with Escherichia coli, Salmonella and other gut associated
micro-organisms is major cause of death in calves (Icen et al. 2013).
Mortality due to diarrhoea in Pakistan varies from 23.7 to 63.0% in buffalo
calves (Khan and Zaman 2007; Khan et al. 2009; Zafar at al.
2015).
Successful
institution of treatment in diarrhoeic dehydrated calves depends mainly on the
management of electrolyte and fluids for the improvement of dehydration and
severe acidemia (Foster and Smith 2009). A quick and operative method for fluid
administration in severe dehydrated calves would be beneficial that must be a
small-volume, evades the long-time catheterization, reduced labor exhaustive
and less time consuming. Furthermost, it must be applicable and practical in
the field (Abutarbush et al. 2016). To cope
with these requirements, sodium bicarbonate (alkalinizing
agent) is used for the treatment of severe acidosis in neonatal calves
(Berchtold et al. 2005; Abutarbush et al.
2016) with a theoretical osmolality of 2,000 mOsm/L (8.4%) that alkalinizes the
blood compared to metabolizable bases (Berchtold et al. 2005; Constable et
al. 2005; Koch and Kaske 2008). It provides quick
and effective improvement of severe acid-base abnormalities with severe strong
ion acidosis (Coskun et al. 2010). Scanty information is available
regarding treatment of BND in buffalo neonatal calves in Pakistan. Therefore,
this study was planned to;
§ Evaluate the efficacy of rapid
intravenous administration of small-volume HSB in buffalo calves suffering from strong ion acidosis and haemodynamic
derangements
§ Determine the effects of HSB in
the amelioration of septicaemia associated with Salmonella-induced BND
Materials and Methods
Experimental animals
The experiment was conducted in
accordance with protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee,
PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. For this study, 18
healthy colostrum-fed buffalo neonatal calves of 14–17 days of age with mean
weight of 30 ± 5 kg were purchased from the local market/farms. These calves
were maintained at University Research Farm, Koont, PMAS-Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi. The calves were then acclimatized for a period of five
days. The calves were fed on milk replacer through bottles with nipple @ 10
percent of body weight per calf per day.
Instrumentation
The day prior to induction of
diarrhoea, the buffalo neonatal calves were sedated through general
anaesthesia, xylazine HCl (Xylaz®, Farvet Laboratories, Holland) for
aseptic placement of IV catheters. The hair was clipped over the jugular furrow
from right and left side and the site was scrubbed through povidone-iodine
solution to remove any contamination and placement of IV catheters. An 18-guage
catheter was placed in right jugular vein for
collection of blood samples and infusion of fluid and other treatment. Left jugular vein was catheterized with
Swan-Ganz catheter near scapula-humeral joint. Left carotid artery was exposed
surgically and cannulated with a plastic type of catheter and secured with
sterile stopcock. After instrumentation, the calves were shifted to movable
stalls for 12 h. Baseline values were recorded before induction of Salmonella
infection.
Induction of diarrhoea
After acclimatization period,
each calf was drenched with Salmonella broth culture having
Salmonella count of 6.5 × 108 colony forming unit (CFU)
dissolved in 250 mL of NSS (Fecteau et
al. 2003).
Study design
The calves were then
continuously observed after drench of Salmonella
broth for onset of diarrhoea. After 8 to 12 h, diarrhoea was successfully
induced in all calves. Calves were considered qualified for initiation of treatment
when they exhibited 10% dehydration as determined by skin testing (time > 5
but < 10 seconds) and markedly recession of eyeball in orbit (Abutarbush et al.
2016). The calves were then randomly divided into three equal groups viz.,
A, B and C.
Treatment protocol
All groups were then allocated
with following treatment protocols:
Group
A received NSS (0.9%) @ 60 mL/kg B.W once with ciprofloxacin*
@ 7 mg/kg B.W, IV bid and flunixin meglumine** @ 2 mg/kg B.W, IV tid.
Group
B was administered with HSS (7.5%) @ 5 mL/kg B.W followed by NSS @ 10
mL/kg B.W, IV once along with ciprofloxacin* @ 7 mg/kg B.W, IV bid and flunixin
meglumine** @ 2 mg/kg B.W, IV tid.
Group
C was instituted with HSB*** (8.4%) @ 5 mL/kg B.W followed by NSS @ 10
mL/kg B.W, IV at the infusion rate of 1 mL/kg/min for a total treatment time of
5 min once along with ciprofloxacin* @ 7 mg/kg IV bid and flunixin meglumine**@ 2 mg/kg B.W, IV tid.
Administration of ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine was continued for 5
consecutive days in all three groups.
*Novidat®, Sami
Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Karachi, Pakistan
**Tricure®, ICI
Animal Health Division, Pakistan
***Natriumhydrogencarbonat,
Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany.
Measurements and analyses
Following parameters were
evaluated to assess the efficacy of HSB in comparison to NSS and HSS in Salmonella-induced
neonatal diarrhoea in buffalo calves:
1. Haemodynamic parameters: Mean arterial pressure (MAP),
central venous pressure (CVP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were
measured. For that purpose, carotid artery was exposed surgically and
cannulated with a plastic type of catheter, sterile stopcock was attached to
the hub to measure the MAP (Zafar et al. 2015). CVP was recorded with
the use of a Swan-Ganz catheter, jugular vein was catheterized near
scapula-humeral joint. All haemodynamic parameters were measured using a
“Multiparameter Veterinary Patient Monitor” (Operon Wittlich, Germany)
(Berchtold et al. 2005).
2. Determination of blood gases: Partial pressure of venous
oxygen (PvO2), partial pressure of venous carbon dioxide (PvCO2),
bicarbonates (HCO3-) and venous blood pH were measured
through blood gas analyzer. Venous blood samples for blood gas analyses were
obtained in heparinized tubes. The tubes were placed on ice and processed
within 30 minutes of collection. Blood gas analyses was done with the help of
Blood Gas and Electrolyte Analyzer (Epoc®, Epocal Inc., Canada) at
37°C (Zafar et al. 2015).
3. Serum electrolyte: Serum sodium ions concentration
(Na+), serum potassium ions concentration (K+) and serum
chloride ions concentration (Cl-) were also measured with the help
of Blood Gas and Electrolyte Analyzer (Epoc®, Epocal Inc., Canada)
at 37°C (Zafar et al. 2015).
Measuring intervals
All aforementioned parameters
recorded, at baseline (healthy calves before diarrhoea induction), diarrhoea
(during course of diarrhoea in neonatal calves), t = 3 h, t = 9 h, t = 18 h, t =
36 h, t = 72, t = 120 h and t = 168 h after administration
of allocated treatment to each group.
Statistical
analyses
The data
obtained was analyzed through completely randomized design (CRD). The
significant difference within and between group was analyzed through tukey’s
test.
Results
Haemodynamic parameters
Mean arterial
pressure: At baseline, MAP values of all groups differed
non-significantly. After induction of diarrhoea, a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease was observed from
the baseline values in all groups. After administration of allocated treatment
to diarrhoeic calves, groups B and C displayed a significant (P < 0.05) increasing trend over NSS
treated calves at each time point and showed significant (P < 0.05) differences over group A at t=9 hand t-36 h (Fig. 1).
There was no significant difference observed between groups B and C, however,
better trend was observed in group C.
Central
venous pressure
Values of CVP
differed non-significantly between all groups (A, B and C) at baseline. After
induction of diarrhoea with Salmonella broth, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease was noted from the
baseline in all groups. All groups showed a continuous and significant rise up
to t-9 h followed by a mild decrease in groups B and C, while a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in group A at t-18
h (Fig. 2). Afterwards, groups B and C recovered their increasing trend and
showed significant (P < 0.05)
difference over group A throughout study period. Both groups B and C recovered
baseline values. However, group A failed to regain values of CVP after t-18 h
and was unable to recover baseline values withing study period (Fig. 2).
Systemic
vascular resistance
At baseline, values of SVR
differed non-significantly in groups A, B and C followed by a significant (P < 0.05) decrease after induction of
diarrhoea with Salmonella broth. After institution of allocated
treatments, group C showed a rise and differed
significantly (P < 0.05) at t=9 h
which continued up to t=36 h over groups A and B. Afterwards group C
showed significant difference over group B at t-72 h. Group A showed
significant difference over group B at t-9 h and t-72 h. Whereas group B showed
significant difference over group A at t-36 h (Fig. 3). All groups achieved
their baseline values within study period; however, group C recovered its
baseline earlier (at t-18 h) than its counterparts.
Blood gas
analyses
Partial
pressure of venous oxygen: Values of PvO2 of all three groups (A, B and
C) differed non-significantly from each other prior to induction of diarrhoea
followed by a significant (P <
0.05) decrease during diarrhoea. After administration of allocated treatments,
all groups showed increasing trend but groups B and C showed significant
increase (P < 0.05) in values of
PvO2 than during diarrhoea and showed significant (P < 0.05) difference over group A at
t=18 h. This trend was maintained by groups B and C and it showed significant (P < 0.05) difference over group A
throughout rest of the study period. Baseline values were achieved by group C
at t = 168 h (Fig. 4). Whereas group B almost
achieved basal values at t = 168 h, while group A failed to recover
baseline values till end of study period (Fig. 4).
Partial
pressure of venous carbon dioxide
At baseline, values of PvCO2
were non-significantly differed between three groups prior to the induction of
Salmonella infection. Values of PvCO2 increased significantly (P < 0.05) during diarrhoea. After
administration of specific treatment to the calves, all groups showed decreasing trend after t-3 h. At t-18 h, group C
showed better decreasing trend and showed significant
(P < 0.05) difference over other
groups (Fig. 5). Recovery trend was almost similar in groups A and B up
to t-72 h. At t-120 h, group B showed significant (P < 0.05) difference over group A. Baseline values were
recovered by groups B and C at t-120 h whereas group A was unable to achieve
its basal values (Fig. 5).
Blood pH
A non-significantly difference
was noted in the values of Blood pH prior to Salmonella infection
between all groups. There was a non-significant decrease in values of blood pH
in all groups during diarrhoea. After institution of allocated treatments, all
groups showed increasing trend. However, better recovery trend was observed in
calves of group C treated with HSB. Basal values of blood pH were achieved by
groups B and C at the end of study. Whereas, blood pH values were near to
baseline in group A at t-168 h (Fig. 6).
Fig. 1: Mean arterial pressure (mm
Hg) in Salmonella-induced buffalo calf neonatal diarrhoea,
in response to treatments with IV administration of NSS (group A), HSS (group
B) and HSB (group C) along with ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine
*Indicates statistically
significant (P < 0.05) difference of that group over the others which do not
contain it. Means ± SE sharing similar letter within each group are
non-significant
Fig. 2: Central venous pressure (mm
Hg) in Salmonella-induced buffalo calf neonatal diarrhoea,
in response to treatments with IV administration of NSS (group A), HSS (group
B) and HSB (group C) along with ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine
*Indicates
statistically significant (P <
0.05) difference of that group over the others which do not contain it. Means ±
SE sharing similar letter within each group are non-significant
Bicarbonates
At baseline, values of
bicarbonates were non-significantly differed between all groups. A significant
decrease was noted during Salmonella-induced diarrhoea. After
institution of treatment, a constant increasing trend was observed in groups A
and C, while group B showed fluctuance in its trend. There was no significant
difference between all groups at any interval, however, group C showed better
recovery trend and achieved their basal values at the end of study whereas
values of bicarbonates were near to baseline in groups A and B (Fig. 7).
Serum electrolyte
analyses
Sodium
ions concentration: At baseline, values of serum sodium ions concentration of all groups were non-significantly differed.
A significant decrease was observed during diarrhoea. After administration of
allotted treatments, all groups showed recovery but trend was much better in
groups B and C. These both groups showed significant (P < 0.05) difference over group A. Groups B and C achieved their
basal values at t-18 h, while group A recovered its basal values at t-36 h
followed by a non-significant drop (Table 1).
Fig. 3: Systemic vascular resistance
(mm Hg) in Salmonella-induced buffalo calf neonatal diarrhoea,
in response to treatments with IV administration of NSS (group A), HSS (group
B) and HSB (group C) along with ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine
*Indicates
statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference of that group over the
others which do not contain it. Means ± SE sharing similar letter within each
group are non-significant
Fig. 4: Partial pressure of venous
oxygen (mm Hg) in Salmonella-induced buffalo calf neonatal diarrhoea, in response to treatments with IV administration
of NSS (group A), HSS (group B) and HSB (group C) along with ciprofloxacin and
flunixin meglumine
*Indicates statistically
significant (P < 0.05) difference of that group over the others which do not
contain it. Means ± SE sharing similar letter within each group are
non-significant
Serum
potassium concentration
Baseline
values of serum potassium ions concentration was non-significant among all
groups followed by a significant decrease during Salmonella infection. After administration of allotted
treatment protocols, slow recovery trend was observed in group A, while this
trend was better in groups B and C. Group C recovered its basal values at t-120
h whereas group B achieved its baseline values at t-168 h. Group A was unable to achieve its basal values (Table
1). Therefore, group C showed
overall better recovery during study period.
Serum
chloride concentration
During the course of diarrhoea,
there was a decrease in serum chloride in the neonatal calves of all groups (A,
B and C). After administration of allocated treatment protocols, all groups
showed recovery trend and there was no significant difference between them.
However, recovery trend was better in group C and it achieved its baseline
values within study period. Whereas groups A and B were near to the baseline
(Table 1).
Discussion
Diarrhoea
is one of the major devastating conditions of neonatal calves. It attributed a
huge economic loss to calf industry through a high mortality rate (Khan et al. 2009; Coskun et al. 2010; Smith and Berchtold 2014; Zafar et al. 2015).
In Pakistan, mortality due to neonatal diarrhoea in buffalo calves is as high
as 38.08% (Khan et al. 2009). Salmonella
plays a major role in increased mortality during neonatal period especially at
the age of third week. Salmonella act on intestine after its adherence
to the mucosal membrane. After adherence, it proliferates in lumen of the
intestine and secretes fatal enterotoxins which stimulate secretion of chloride
ions which draws water in to the lumen of intestine (Foster and Smith 2009;
Smith and Berchtold 2014). Excessive fluid secretion causes principal sign of
diarrhoea eventually leads to septicaemia and dehydration lead by hypovolaemia.
Dehydration and hypovolaemia cause excessive loss of electrolytes and acid-base
imbalance (Constable et al. 2005).
This study was conducted for the evaluation of the HSB in combination with
ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine in buffalo neonatal calves. Diarrhoea was
introduced by the administration of Salmonella
through oral route. A
dehydration status of 10%, decrease in sodium, potassium and chloride ions
concentration, blood pH, bicarbonates, PvO2 and increased PvCO2
were noted during Salmonella-induced buffalo neonatal diarrhoea.
Fig. 5: Partial pressure of venous
carbon dioxide (mm Hg) in Salmonella-induced buffalo calf neonatal diarrhoea, in response to treatments with IV administration
of NSS (group A), HSS (group B) and HSB (group C) along with ciprofloxacin and
flunixin meglumine
*Indicates statistically
significant (P < 0.05) difference of that group over the others which do not
contain it. Means ± SE sharing similar letter within each group are
non-significant
Fig. 6: Blood pH in Salmonella-induced
buffalo calf neonatal diarrhoea, in response to
treatments with IV administration of NSS (group A), HSS (group B) and HSB
(group C) along with ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine
*Indicates
statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference of that group over the
others which do not contain it. Means ± SE sharing similar letter within each
group are non-significant
Diarrhoea causes severe dehydration in neonates, which results
decrease in volume of extracellular fluid which lead to depletion in plasma
volume. The purpose of the treatment is to reinstate the plasma volume through
intravenous fluid administration. A rapid increase in plasma volume was
observed after administration of HSS and HSB due to abrupt rise in serum
osmolarity from intracellular compartment (Berchtold et al. 2005; Silva
and Figueiredo 2005; Flores et al. 2006; Trefz
et al. 2017). In this study, haemodynamic parameters were significantly
increased immediately after administration of HSB especially MAP and CVP.
Systemic vascular resistance was also improved significantly by HSB infusion in
buffalo calves of group C which was severely affected during neonatal
diarrhoea. Most likely, it is due to increased preload and plasma expansion
(Bleul et al. 2007; Coskun et al. 2010).
Blood gases
are good indicators of acid/base imbalance and provide guide to develop
treatment regimen for resuscitation of neonatal calves suffering from acidemia.
In this study, a decreased value of PvO2 and increased in PvCO2
values were observed. Similarly, there was decrease in values of bicarbonates
and blood pH during diarrhoea in calves clearly indicates that calves were
suffering with metabolic acidosis. Bolus administration of 8.4% NaHCO3 solution
resulted in increased blood pH and bicarbonates concentration (Koch and Kaske
2008). These results were correlated with the studies of Coskun et al.
(2010) who compared two different IV concentrations of HSB i.e., (1.3% and 8.4% NaHCO3) and concluded that 8.4%
NaHCO3 solution showed a marked increase in bicarbonates within an
hour. Bolus administration of HSB was effective at increasing blood pH and
decreasing CO2 pressure in neonatal buffalo calves suffering from
hypoxia and metabolic acidosis (Berchtold et al. 2005; Hasanpour et al. 2009; Leal et al. 2012). Hypoxemia might be due to oedema in endothelial cell
of capillary venules endothelium results in the obstruction of blood flow and
oxygen transport reduction (Constable et al. 1996; Oliveira et al.
2002; Berchtold et al. 2005; Koch and Kaske 2008; Leal et al. 2012). Hyperosmotic sodium
bicarbonate is a hyperosmolar solution and it is hypothesized that it is
capable to induce shrinkage of endothelial cell which results in improvement of
tissue perfusion and transport of oxygen to the tissues (Suzuki et al.
2002; Oliveira et al. 2002).
Table 1: Results of serum electrolytes
in Salmonella-induced buffalo calf neonatal diarrhoea,
in response to treatments with IV administration of NSS (group A), HSS (group
B) and HSB (group C) along with ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine
Variables |
Groups |
Time
after treatment |
||||||||
|
|
Baseline |
Diarrhoea |
t = 3
h |
t = 9
h |
t = 18
h |
t = 36
h |
t = 72
h |
t = 120
h |
t = 168
h |
Sodium
(mmol/L)
|
Group
A Group
B Group
C |
140.17
± 2.90a-f 138.17
± 3.60b-f 141.83
± 2.66a-e |
117.33
± 2.51hi 115.50
± 2.58i 116.33
± 2.04i |
119.17
± 2.81hi 129.17
± 2.68fgh 132.50
± 2.49efg |
125.33
± 1.89ghi 135.33
± 2.87c-g 139.83
± 1.38a-f |
134.17
± 2.21d-g 146.17
± 1.74a-d 148.17
± 1.99ab |
140.50
± 2.06a-f 149.00
± 2.78ab 150.67
± 2.76a |
139.83
± 2.89a-f 145.17
± 1.30a-d 146.83
± 1.35abc |
138.67
± 1.31a-f 140.83
± 1.82a-f 143.83
± 1.94a-e |
137.33
± 2.56b-g 141.33
± 2.42a-f 142.83
± 2.64a-e |
Potassium
(mmol/L)
|
Group
A Group
B Group
C |
5.22 ±
0.16a 5.08 ±
0.19ab 5.27 ±
0.19a |
2.87 ±
0.11i 3.35 ±
0.20hi 3.62 ±
0.23f-i |
3.52 ±
0.16ghi 4.48 ±
0.11a-e 4.80 ±
0.15a-d |
3.93 ±
0.14e-h 4.78 ±
0.13a-d 4.45 ±
0.17a-f |
3.97 ±
0.14d-h 4.92 ±
0.16abc 4.63 ±
0.19a-e |
4.17 ±
0.10c-h 4.65 ±
0.17a-e 4.87 ±
0.17abc |
4.25 ±
0.19b-g 4.65 ±
0.17a-e 4.85 ±
0.15abc |
4.32 ±
0.12b-g 4.82 ±
0.15abc 5.20 ±
0.17a |
4.72 ±
0.14a-e 4.98 ±
0.13abc 5.18 ±
0.16a |
Chloride (mmol/L)
|
Group
A Group
B Group
C |
98.33 ±
2.60abc 99.17 ±
1.87ab 101.17
± 1.19a |
77.67 ±
1.33ij 75.00 ±
1.26j 75.67 ±
1.45ij |
81.17 ±
2.52hij 83.50 ±
2.26g-j 89.00 ±
1.32c-h |
85.67 ±
1.96e-i 85.17 ±
1.83f-i 90.33 ±
1.17b-h |
88.17 ±
2.39d-h 89.00 ±
1.48c-h 91.67 ±
1.56a-g |
92.17 ±
2.14a-g 89.33 ±
1.76b-h 91.83 ±
1.89a-g |
95.17 ±
2.21a-f 92.00 ±
1.75a-g 93.67 ±
1.91a-f |
95.67 ±
2.82a-e 93.33 ±
2.46a-g 96.17 ±
1.60a-d |
95.83 ±
2.81a-d 97.33 ±
1.54a-d 101.50
± 1.28a |
Group A received NSS (0.9%) once along
with ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine; group
B was administered with HSS (7.5%) once along with ciprofloxacin flunixin
meglumine and group C was instituted with HSB (8.4%) once along with
ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine
*Indicates
statistically significant (P <
0.05) difference of that group over the others which does not contain it. Means
± SE sharing similar letter within each group are non-significant
Fig. 7: Bicarbonates in in Salmonella-induced
buffalo calf neonatal diarrhoea, in response to
treatments with IV administration of NSS (group A), HSS (group B) and HSB
(group C) along with ciprofloxacin and flunixin meglumine
*Indicates statistically
significant (P < 0.05) difference
of that group over the others which does not contain it. Means ± SE sharing
similar letter within each group are non-significant
Hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia was
detected in diarrhoeic calves in several studies (Berchtold et al. 2005;
Naylor 2009; Zafar et al. 2015). In this study, decrease in sodium,
potassium and chloride ions concentration was observed. Intravenous bolus
administration of HSB caused an instantaneous increase in serum sodium,
potassium and chloride concentration (Berchtold et al. 2005; Flores et
al. 2006; Koch and Kaske 2008; Coskun et al. 2010; Trefz et al.
2017). The peak value of serum sodium that was observed in current study after
IV bolus administration of HSB was 150.67 ± 2.76 mmol/L in buffalo neonates.
However, the use of HSB is conflicting in chronic hyponatraemic patients as it
develops the neurological problems (Dibartola 2000). However, no change in the
attitude and overall behaviour of the buffalo calves was detected after IV
administration of HSB in this study.
Conclusion
Bolus IV administration of
small-volume of HSB (8.4% NaHCO3) along with ciprofloxacin and
flunixin profoundly ameliorated deleterious effects of septicaemia and has
sound physiological basis to improve haemodynamic parameters in Salmonella-induced
diarrhoea in buffalo calves. Small-volume of HSB provides an effective and
rapid recovery to calves suffering from strong-ion acidosis and also improves
oxygen delivery. Most of all, it provides an economical and practical approach
for resuscitation of severely dehydrated diarrhoeic calves thus make it
convenient to accomplish in on-farm situation.
Author Contributions
Ayesha Humayun
conducted the trial and managed the data. Muhammad Arif Zafar presented the
idea and planned whole study. He also monitored and helped in conducting the
study. Arfan Yousaf helped to manage the animals for trial and faccilitated
whole study on University Research Farm, Koont. Murtaz-ul-Hasan helped in
rearing the animals, managed the data, and facilitated laboratoy work regarding
microbiology.
Conflicts
of Interest
All other authors declare no conflicts
of interest
Data
Availability
Data presented in this study are
available on fair request to the corresponding author.
Ethics
Approval
The
experiments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines issued by the
Ethical Committee of Pir Mehr
Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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